The 1000 years between Alexander the Great's invasion in 332 BC and the Arab conquest in AD 642 was a period of enormous change in the history of Egypt. The Hellenistic era under the Ptolemies ended with the defeat of Anthony and Cleopatra in 30 BC and Egypt became a province of Rome. Under the Byzantine emperors the country enjoyed renewed political influence and continued prosperity as Christianity began to displace the ancient gods. From a vast collection of the extant papyrus texts and from the evidence of archaeology, this work presents a survey of the history and culture of Egypt in this 1000 year span.